Use = or <- for assignment?

A recent thread on the r-help mailing list raises a common question for beginning R users: should you use = (equals) or <- (back arrow) for assignments?  In R, both of the following statements have the effect of assigning the value 3 to the variable x:

x = 3

x <- 3

So if they have the same effect, does it matter which you use?

A little history before we continue: when the R language (and S before it) was first created, <- was the only choice of assignment operator.  This is a hangover from the language APL, where the arrow notation was used to distinguish assignment (assign the value 3 to x) from equality (is x equal to 3?). (Professor Ripley reminds me that on APL keyboards there was an actual key on the keyboard with the arrow symbol on it, so the arrow was a single keystroke back then. The same was true of the AT&T terminals first used for the predecessors of S as described in the Blue Book.) However many modern languages (such as C, for example) use = for assignment, so beginners using R often found the arrow notation cumbersome, and were prone to use = by mistake.  But R uses = for yet another purpose: associating function arguments with values (as in pnorm(1, sd=2), to set the standard deviation to 2).

To make things easier for new users familiar with languages like C, R added the capability in 2001 to also allow = be used as an assignment operator, on the basis that the intent (assignment or association) is usually clear by context.  So,

x = 3

clearly means "assign 3 to x", whereas

f(x = 3)

clearly means "call function f, setting the argument x to 3".

There is one case where ambiguity might occur: if you wanted to assign a variable during a function call. The only way to do this in modern versions of R is:

f(x <- 3)

which means "assign 3 to x, and call f with the first argument set to the value 3".  This is a contrived example though, and never really occurs in real-world programming.  [UPDATE: In fact, constructs like this are best avoided for reasons given in the comments below.]

So, back to the original question: should you use = or <- for assignment?  It really boils down to preference.  Many people are more used to using = for assignment, and it's one less keystroke if you want to save on typing.  On the other hand, many R traditionalists prefer <- for clarity, and if you plan to share or publish your code, other might find code using = for assignment hard to read. Personally, I prefer the arrow notation, with a space on either side.

So, long story short: it's really up to you.

[Update Sep 2 2011: Added link to developer page for = assignment.] 

Comments

[David Smith]

Duncan Murdoch points out a slight error: f(x <- 3) isn't the only syntax you can use to assign in a function call: f( (x=3) ) would also work. More in this r-help post.

[David Smith]

Jens Oehlschlägel makes the point that because of lazy evaluation, f(x <- 3) isn't guaranteed to perform any assignment to x. His (good) advice: "do not assign in function arguments unless you have good reasons".

[Bulgakov]

Using 2 keystrokes for an assignment operator is a pain, although it's nicer to read. Does anyone bother reassigning a key (is there an easy way to do this?) to print out an arrow operator, as per the original APL keyboard?

[TSM]

@Bulgakov the ESS package for emacs sets the underscore '_' to emit the arrow (<-).

Also I have a vague recollection that older versions of R allowed '_' to be used in place of the arrow; however this is no longer true.

[John Kane]

I routinely use Tinn-R's macro recorder to load <- at the start of a session and use <- . Personally I think it makes for easier reading of the code

[skywalker]

If you run R as an inferior process to emacs you can get <- with spaces before and after by simply pressing the key _ (underscore). Of course you need the ESS package for emacs.

[isomorphismes]

Thanks for the clarification. I also noticed in the link you shared that <<- was used at some point. I've neither used nor tried that one.

[Jim P]

R-Studio has Alt- as shortcut key combination for " <- ". Yes, it adds the surrounding spaces!

[Grunde]

The vim R package also substitute "_" with " <- " just like the ESS package for Emacs.

http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2628

[sean]

Given the absolute noise of programming, the extra keystroke for 'assigns' (that is '<-' vs '=') is no convenience. We are not that close to ultimate efficiency.