The glmnetUtils package provides a collection of tools to streamline the process of fitting elastic net models with glmnet. I wrote the package after a couple of projects where I found myself writing the same boilerplate code to convert a data frame into a predictor matrix and a response vector. In addition to providing a formula interface, it also has a function (cvAlpha.glmnet) to do crossvalidation for both elastic net parameters α and λ, as well as some utility functions.
The formula interface
The interface that glmnetUtils provides is very much the same as for most modelling functions in R. To fit a model, you provide a formula and data frame. You can also provide any arguments that glmnet will accept. Here is a simple example:
mtcarsMod <- glmnet(mpg ~ cyl + disp + hp, data=mtcars)
## Call:
## glmnet.formula(formula = mpg ~ cyl + disp + hp, data = mtcars)
##
## Model fitting options:
## Sparse model matrix: FALSE
## Use model.frame: FALSE
## Alpha: 1
## Lambda summary:
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.03326 0.11690 0.41000 1.02800 1.44100 5.05500
Under the hood, glmnetUtils creates a model matrix and response vector, and passes them to the glmnet package to do the actual model fitting. Prediction also works as you'd expect: just pass a data frame containing the new observations, along with any arguments that predict.glmnet needs.
# least squares regression: get predictions for lambda=1
predict(mtcarsMod, newdata=mtcars, s=1)
Building the model matrix
You may have noticed the options "use model.frame" and "sparse model matrix" in the printed output above. glmnetUtils includes a couple of options to improve performance, especially on wide datasets and/or have many categorical (factor) variables.
The standard R method for creating a model matrix out of a data frame uses the model.frame function, which has a major disadvantage when it comes to wide data. It generates a terms object, which specifies how the original columns of data relate to the columns in the model matrix. This involves creating and storing a (roughly) square matrix of size p × p, where p is the number of variables in the model. When p > 10000, which isn't uncommon these days, the terms object can exceed a gigabyte in size. Even if there is enough memory to store the object, processing it can be very slow.
Another issue with the standard approach is the treatment of factors. Normally, model.matrix will turn an N-level factor into an indicator matrix with N−1 columns, with one column being dropped. This is necessary for unregularised models as fit with lm and glm, since the full set of N columns is linearly dependent. However, this may not be appropriate for a regularised model as fit with glmnet. The regularisation procedure shrinks the coefficients towards zero, which forces the estimated differences from the baseline to be smaller. But this only makes sense if the baseline level was chosen beforehand, or is otherwise meaningful as a default; otherwise it is effectively making the levels more similar to an arbitrarily chosen level.
To deal with these problems, glmnetUtils by default will avoid using model.frame, instead building up the model matrix term-by-term. This avoids the memory cost of creating a terms object, and can be much faster than the standard approach. It will also include one column in the model matrix for all levels in a factor; that is, no baseline level is assumed. In this situation, the coefficients represent differences from the overall mean response, and shrinking them to zero is meaningful (usually). Machine learners may also recognise this as one-hot encoding.
glmnetUtils can also generate a sparse model matrix, using the sparse.model.matrix function provided in the Matrix package. This works exactly the same as a regular model matrix, but takes up significantly less memory if many of its entries are zero. A scenario where this is the case would be where many of the predictors are factors, each with a large number of levels.
Crossvalidation for α
One piece missing from the standard glmnet package is a way of choosing α, the elastic net mixing parameter, similar to how cv.glmnet chooses λ, the shrinkage parameter. To fix this, glmnetUtils provides the cvAlpha.glmnet function, which uses crossvalidation to examine the impact on the model of changing α and λ. The interface is the same as for the other functions:
# Leukemia dataset from Trevor Hastie's website:
# http://web.stanford.edu/~hastie/glmnet/glmnetData/Leukemia.RData
load("~/Leukemia.rdata")
leuk <- do.call(data.frame, Leukemia)
cvAlpha.glmnet(y ~ ., data=leuk, family="binomial")
## Call:
## cvAlpha.glmnet.formula(formula = y ~ ., data = leuk, family = "binomial")
##
## Model fitting options:
## Sparse model matrix: FALSE
## Use model.frame: FALSE
## Alpha values: 0 0.001 0.008 0.027 0.064 0.125 0.216 0.343 0.512 0.729 1
## Number of crossvalidation folds for lambda: 10
cvAlpha.glmnet uses the algorithm described in the help for cv.glmnet, which is to fix the distribution of observations across folds and then call cv.glmnet in a loop with different values of α. Optionally, you can parallelise this outer loop, by setting the outerParallel argument to a non-NULL value. Currently, glmnetUtils supports the following methods of parallelisation:
- Via
parLapply in the parallel package. To use this, set outerParallel to a valid cluster object created bymakeCluster.
- Via
rxExec as supplied by Microsoft R Server’s RevoScaleR package. To use this, set outerParallel to a valid compute context created by RxComputeContext, or a character string specifying such a context.
Conclusion
The glmnetUtils package is a way to improve quality of life for users of glmnet. As with many R packages, it’s always under development; you can get the latest version from my GitHub repo. The easiest way to install it is via devtools:
library(devtools)
install_github("hong-revo/glmnetUtils")
A more detailed version of this post can also be found at the package vignette. If you find a bug, or if you want to suggest improvements to the package, please feel free to contact me at [email protected].
